72:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Isothermal reversible work of an ideal gas?"}]]}] a1:Ta59,

w = -2.303\,nRT\log(V_2/V_1)

73:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":[["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline SmxAaG_mathInlineScroll","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":0,"dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$a1"}}],"; it is the maximum work."]}]]}] 74:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"First law of thermodynamics?"}]]}] a2:T497,

\Delta U = q + w

75:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":[["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$a2"}}],": energy is conserved."]}]]}] 76:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"ΔU for isothermal change of an ideal gas?"}]]}] 77:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Zero, so q = −w."}]]}] 78:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Adiabatic change: ΔU equals?"}]]}] 79:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"The work, w, because q = 0."}]]}] 7a:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Definition of enthalpy?"}]]}] a3:T49e,

H = U + pV

a4:T57b,

q_p = \Delta H

7b:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":[["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$a3"}}],"; ",["$","span","code-1",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$a4"}}],"."]}]]}] 7c:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Relation between ΔH and ΔU?"}]]}] a5:T7fc,

\Delta H = \Delta U + \Delta n_g RT

7d:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":[["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline SmxAaG_mathInlineScroll","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":0,"dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$a5"}}],"."]}]]}] 7e:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"When is ΔH = ΔU?"}]]}] 7f:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"When Δn_g = 0 (or no gases are involved)."}]]}] 80:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"C_p − C_V for an ideal gas?"}]]}] 81:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Equal to R (8.314 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹)."}]]}] 82:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Exothermic change: sign of ΔH?"}]]}] 83:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Negative; products have lower enthalpy."}]]}] 84:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"What does a bomb calorimeter measure?"}]]}] a6:T4ce,

\Delta n_g RT

85:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":[["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"

\\Delta U

"}}]," (constant volume); convert to ",["$","span","code-1",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"

\\Delta H

"}}]," with ",["$","span","code-2",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$a6"}}],"."]}]]}] 86:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Standard enthalpy of formation of an element?"}]]}] 87:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Zero in its reference state (e.g. graphite, O₂ gas)."}]]}] 88:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Combustion of graphite: ΔcH°?"}]]}] 89:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Minus 393.5 kJ per mole."}]]}] 8a:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Enthalpy of atomisation?"}]]}] 8b:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Enthalpy change to produce one mole of gaseous atoms from the element (or compound)."}]]}] 8c:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Why does dissolving NH₄NO₃ cool the water?"}]]}] 8d:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Its enthalpy of solution is positive (+25.7 kJ mol⁻¹): heat is absorbed."}]]}] 8e:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"State Hess’s law."}]]}] 8f:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"The enthalpy change of a reaction is the same whether it occurs in one step or many, as H is a state function."}]]}] 90:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Δ_rH° from formation data?"}]]}] 91:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Σ ΔfH°(products) − Σ ΔfH°(reactants), each multiplied by its coefficient."}]]}] 92:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Bond enthalpy estimate of ΔrH?"}]]}] 93:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Σ bonds broken − Σ bonds formed (gases, average values)."}]]}] 94:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Entropy: what does it measure and for a reversible change?"}]]}] a7:T62b,

\Delta S = q_\text{rev}/T

95:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":["Disorder; ",["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline SmxAaG_mathInlineScroll","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":0,"dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$a7"}}],"."]}]]}] 96:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Which has higher entropy: ice, water or steam?"}]]}] 97:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Steam (gas) > water > ice."}]]}] 98:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Gibbs equation and criterion?"}]]}] a8:T553,

\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S

99:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":[["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline SmxAaG_mathInlineScroll","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":0,"dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$a8"}}],"; spontaneous if ",["$","span","code-1",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"

\\Delta G < 0

"}}],"."]}]]}] 9a:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"ΔH negative, ΔS negative: when spontaneous?"}]]}] 9b:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"At low temperatures only (the enthalpy term dominates)."}]]}] 9c:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Relation between ΔG° and K?"}]]}] a9:T6e3,

\Delta G^\circ = -2.303\,RT\log K

9d:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":[["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline SmxAaG_mathInlineScroll","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":0,"dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$a9"}}],"."]}]]}] 9e:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Exam tip: units in ΔG = ΔH − TΔS?"}]]}] 9f:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Convert ΔS from J to kJ (or ΔH to J), and use kelvin."}]]}]

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