b3:T70e,

\mathrm{C}_n\mathrm{H}_{2n-2}

73:["$","span","code-2",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline SmxAaG_mathInlineScroll","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":0,"dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$b3"}}] 74:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"How many chain isomers has C₅H₁₂?"}]]}] 75:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Three: pentane, 2-methylbutane, 2,2-dimethylpropane."}]]}] 76:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Wurtz reaction?"}]]}] 77:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Alkyl halide + Na in dry ether gives an alkane with twice the carbons: 2RX + 2Na → R–R + 2NaX."}]]}] 78:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Effect of decarboxylation on carbon number?"}]]}] 79:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"The alkane has one carbon less than the sodium carboxylate (soda lime, heat)."}]]}] 7a:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Kolbe electrolysis product at the anode?"}]]}] 7b:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"R–R (an alkane with twice the carbons of R), plus CO₂."}]]}] 7c:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Why does branching lower the boiling point?"}]]}] 7d:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Smaller surface area of contact, weaker van der Waals forces."}]]}] 7e:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Initiation step in chlorination of methane?"}]]}] 7f:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Light splits Cl₂ into two chlorine radicals (Cl•)."}]]}] 80:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Two propagation steps of methane chlorination?"}]]}] 81:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Cl• + CH₄ → HCl + CH₃•; CH₃• + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + Cl•."}]]}] 82:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Order of ease of H abstraction by a radical?"}]]}] 83:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"3° > 2° > 1° (more stable radical)."}]]}] 84:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Catalyst and product for aromatisation of hexane?"}]]}] 85:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Cr₂O₃/V₂O₅/Mo₂O₃, 773 K, 10–20 atm gives benzene and H₂."}]]}] 86:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Draw the staggered Newman projection of ethane."}]]}] 87:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Circle for back carbon; front bonds meet at the centre at 120°; back bonds start at the circle midway between them (dihedral 60°)."}]]}] 88:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Which ethane conformation is more stable and by how much?"}]]}] 89:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Staggered, by about 12.5 kJ mol⁻¹ (torsional strain of the eclipsed form)."}]]}] 8a:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Why is rotation about C–C in ethane almost free at 298 K?"}]]}] 8b:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"The barrier (12.5 kJ mol⁻¹) is small compared with collision energies; about 6 in 1000 molecules are eclipsed at any moment."}]]}] 8c:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Geometry and bonding of the C=C carbons?"}]]}] 8d:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"sp², trigonal planar (120°), one σ and one π bond."}]]}] 8e:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Condition for cis–trans isomerism in an alkene?"}]]}] 8f:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Two different groups on each carbon of C=C, and restricted rotation about the π bond."}]]}] 90:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Which but-2-ene isomer has the higher melting point?"}]]}] 91:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"trans (symmetrical, packs better): 168 K against 134 K for cis."}]]}] 92:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Lindlar catalyst gives which alkene?"}]]}] 93:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"The cis alkene (Pd/CaCO₃ poisoned with quinoline)."}]]}] 94:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Na in liquid NH₃ reduces an alkyne to?"}]]}] 95:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"The trans alkene."}]]}] 96:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"State Markovnikov’s rule."}]]}] 97:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"In HX addition to an unsymmetrical alkene, H adds to the carbon with more hydrogens (X goes to the carbon with fewer)."}]]}] 98:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Order of carbocation stability?"}]]}] 99:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"3° > 2° > 1° > CH₃⁺ (hyperconjugation and +I effect of alkyl groups)."}]]}] 9a:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"The peroxide effect: which reagent?"}]]}] 9b:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"HBr only (not HCl or HI); gives anti-Markovnikov product via radicals."}]]}] 9c:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Ozonolysis products from =CH₂, =CHR and =CR₂ carbons?"}]]}] 9d:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Methanal, an aldehyde and a ketone respectively."}]]}] 9e:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Baeyer’s test observation?"}]]}] 9f:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Cold dilute alkaline KMnO₄ is decolourised (brown MnO₂); a vicinal diol forms."}]]}] a0:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Why is ethyne more acidic than ethene or ethane?"}]]}] a1:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"The sp carbon (50% s-character) is more electronegative and stabilises the anion."}]]}] a2:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Laboratory preparation of ethyne?"}]]}] b4:T23df,

\ce{CaC2 + 2H2O -> C2H2 + Ca(OH)2}

a3:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":[["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline SmxAaG_mathInlineScroll","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":0,"dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$b4"}}],"."]}]]}] a4:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Product of hydration of ethyne and of propyne?"}]]}] a5:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Ethanal and propanone (via enol–keto tautomerism)."}]]}] a6:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"What does red-hot iron do to ethyne?"}]]}] a7:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Cyclic polymerisation: three C₂H₂ give C₆H₆ (benzene) at 873 K."}]]}] a8:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"C–C bond length in benzene?"}]]}] a9:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"139 pm, between C–C (154 pm) and C=C (134 pm)."}]]}] aa:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"State the Hückel rule."}]]}] ab:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"A planar, cyclic, fully conjugated ring is aromatic if it has (4n + 2) π electrons."}]]}] ac:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Electrophile in nitration, and in Friedel–Crafts acylation?"}]]}] ad:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"NO₂⁺ (nitronium ion); RCO⁺ (acylium ion)."}]]}] ae:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Which groups are m-directing?"}]]}] af:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"–NO₂, –CN, –CHO, –COOH, –SO₃H (electron-withdrawing)."}]]}] b0:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Why are polynuclear hydrocarbons dangerous?"}]]}] b1:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Fused-ring compounds like benzpyrene (from incomplete combustion) damage DNA and are carcinogenic."}]]}]

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