b0:T541,

ns^2np^2

72:["$","span","code-3",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$b0"}}] 73:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Why do radii rise down a group?"}]]}] 74:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Each period adds a new shell, so the outer electrons are farther from the nucleus."}]]}] 75:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Why is a cation smaller than its atom?"}]]}] 76:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"The outer shell is lost and the same nuclear charge holds fewer electrons."}]]}] 77:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Trend of IE₁ from Li to Cs?"}]]}] 78:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"It decreases: 520, 496, 419, 403, 376 kJ mol⁻¹."}]]}] 79:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Why does Na form only Na⁺?"}]]}] 7a:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"IE₂ (4562 kJ mol⁻¹) is about nine times IE₁ because the second electron comes from the neon core."}]]}] 7b:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Flame colours of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs?"}]]}] 7c:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Crimson red, golden yellow, violet, red-violet, blue."}]]}] 7d:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Flame colours of Ca, Sr, Ba?"}]]}] 7e:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Brick red, crimson, apple green."}]]}] 7f:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Why do Be and Mg give no flame colour?"}]]}] 80:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Their small atoms hold the electrons too tightly for a flame to excite them."}]]}] 81:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Which alkali ion has the most negative hydration enthalpy and why?"}]]}] 82:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Li⁺ (−506 kJ mol⁻¹): smallest ion, highest charge density."}]]}] 83:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Why is Li the strongest reducing agent in water (E° = −3.05 V)?"}]]}] 84:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Its hydration enthalpy is so large that it outweighs its high IE₁."}]]}] 85:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Products when Li, Na and K burn in air?"}]]}] 86:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Li₂O (oxide), Na₂O₂ (peroxide), KO₂ (superoxide)."}]]}] 87:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Which alkali metal reacts with nitrogen?"}]]}] b1:T140c,

\ce{6Li + N2 -> 2Li3N}

88:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":["Lithium only: ",["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$b1"}}],"."]}]]}] 89:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"How does LiNO₃ differ from NaNO₃ on heating?"}]]}] b2:T1f61,

\ce{4LiNO3 -> 2Li2O + 4NO2 + O2}

8a:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":[["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline SmxAaG_mathInlineScroll","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":0,"dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$b2"}}]," whereas ","$Lb3","."]}]]}] 8b:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Diagonal relationship: name the pairs."}]]}] 8c:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Li–Mg, Be–Al, B–Si."}]]}] 8d:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Give two properties shared by Li and Mg."}]]}] 8e:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Both form nitrides with N₂; carbonates decompose on heating; no solid hydrogencarbonate."}]]}] 8f:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Give two properties shared by Be and Al."}]]}] 90:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Amphoteric oxides and passive in concentrated nitric acid; carbides give methane with water."}]]}] 91:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Maximum covalency of Be and why?"}]]}] 92:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Four, because Be has no d orbitals (only 2s and 2p)."}]]}] 93:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Draw the diagonal-relationship frame."}]]}] 94:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Li Be B C above Na Mg Al Si, with arrows from Li to Mg, Be to Al and B to Si."}]]}] 95:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Sketch the trend of atomic radius in group 13."}]]}] 96:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Rises from B (85 pm) to Al (143), dips at Ga (135), then In 167 and Tl 170: irregular."}]]}] 97:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Why is Ga smaller than Al?"}]]}] 98:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"The ten 3d electrons shield the extra nuclear charge poorly, so the outer electrons are pulled in."}]]}] 99:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Inert pair effect?"}]]}] 9a:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"The ns² pair becomes reluctant to bond down a group, so the oxidation state lower by two becomes more stable."}]]}] 9b:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Which is more stable: Tl⁺ or Tl³⁺?"}]]}] 9c:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Tl⁺; Tl³⁺ is a good oxidising agent."}]]}] 9d:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Why is BCl₃ a Lewis acid?"}]]}] 9e:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Boron has only six electrons, so it accepts a lone pair."}]]}] 9f:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Worked sum: IE₁ + IE₂ + IE₃ for Al?"}]]}] b4:T52f,

577 + 1816 + 2744 = 5137

a0:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":[["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$b4"}}]," kJ mol⁻¹."]}]]}] a1:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Define catenation. Which element is best at it?"}]]}] a2:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Self-linking of atoms into chains and rings; carbon (C–C 348 kJ mol⁻¹)."}]]}] a3:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Which is stable: PbCl₂ or PbCl₄? Why?"}]]}] a4:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"PbCl₂, by the inert pair effect; Pb(IV) is strongly oxidising."}]]}] a5:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Why is CCl₄ not hydrolysed but SiCl₄ is?"}]]}] a6:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Carbon has no vacant d orbitals to accept the lone pair of water; silicon has."}]]}] a7:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Why is CO₂ a gas but SiO₂ a solid?"}]]}] a8:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"C forms pπ–pπ double bonds (discrete molecules); Si forms only single bonds, giving a giant network."}]]}] a9:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Hybridisation and structure of diamond and graphite?"}]]}] aa:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Diamond sp³, 3-D network; graphite sp², hexagonal layers."}]]}] ab:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Fullerene C₆₀: structure?"}]]}] ac:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"A closed cage of 60 carbon atoms with 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons."}]]}] ad:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"How to answer an anomalous first-member question?"}]]}] ae:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Small size, high charge density or electronegativity, and no d orbitals; add one example."}]]}]

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