Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

Lesson

Part 1 — the principles of biotechnology and the molecular tools used to cut, join and move genes.

In this lesson you will

Define biotechnology and state its two core techniques
Explain how restriction enzymes are named and how they cut DNA
Describe gel electrophoresis and the features of a cloning vector
Explain how host cells are made competent to take up DNA

Concept

The two core techniques

Genetic engineering alters the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA) and introduces it into host organisms, changing their phenotype. Bioprocess engineering maintains a sterile (microbial-contamination-free) ambience to grow only the desired microbe or cell in large quantities.

Table of the two core techniques of modern biotechnology
Technique	Purpose
Genetic engineering	Create recombinant DNA and introduce it into a host
Bioprocess engineering	Grow the host in large numbers in sterile conditions to make a product

Concept

The first recombinant DNA

In 1972, Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer made the first recombinant DNA: they cut out an antibiotic-resistance gene and linked it to a native plasmid of Salmonella typhimurium, then transferred it into Escherichia coli. The DNA could multiply because it was linked to an origin of replication (ori).

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