71:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Which concentration units do not change with temperature?"}]]}] 72:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Mass percentage, ppm by mass, mole fraction and molality (they use masses, not volumes)."}]]}] 73:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Formula for mole fraction of B in a binary solution?"}]]}] aa:T1057,

x_\text{B} = \dfrac{n_\text{B}}{n_\text{A} + n_\text{B}}

74:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":[["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline SmxAaG_mathInlineScroll","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":0,"dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$aa"}}],", and ","$Lab","."]}]]}] 75:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Mass % and density given — first step?"}]]}] 76:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Assume 100 g of solution; find moles of solute and the volume (mass ÷ density)."}]]}] 77:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"What is a saturated solution?"}]]}] 78:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"One in which no more solute dissolves at that temperature; dissolving and crystallisation happen at equal rates."}]]}] 79:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Effect of temperature on solubility of a solid?"}]]}] 7a:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Increases if dissolving is endothermic; decreases if it is exothermic."}]]}] 7b:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"State Henry’s law."}]]}] ac:T5d5,

p = K_\text{H}\,x

7c:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":["At constant temperature, the partial pressure of a gas above a solution is proportional to its mole fraction in it: ",["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$ac"}}],"."]}]]}] ad:T414,

K_\text{H}

7d:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":["Larger ",["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$ad"}}]," means…?"]}]]}] 7e:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Lower solubility of the gas at a given pressure."}]]}] 7f:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Why are gases less soluble in warm water?"}]]}] ae:T414,

K_\text{H}

80:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":["Dissolving a gas is exothermic and ",["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$ae"}}]," increases with temperature, so less gas dissolves."]}]]}] 81:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"What are the bends?"}]]}] 82:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Painful nitrogen bubbles in the blood when a diver rises too quickly; tanks use air diluted with helium to reduce it."}]]}] 83:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"State Raoult’s law (volatile liquids)."}]]}] af:Ta45,

p_1 = p^\circ_1 x_1

84:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":["Each component’s partial vapour pressure is proportional to its mole fraction in the liquid: ",["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$af"}}],"."]}]]}] 85:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Which component is richer in the vapour?"}]]}] 86:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"The more volatile one (higher pure vapour pressure)."}]]}] 87:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Conditions for an ideal solution?"}]]}] b0:T574,

\Delta_\text{mix}H = 0

b1:T574,

\Delta_\text{mix}V = 0

88:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":["Obeys Raoult’s law at all compositions; ",["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$b0"}}],", ",["$","span","code-1",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$b1"}}],"."]}]]}] 89:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Positive deviation: attractions and signs?"}]]}] b2:T57d,

\Delta_\text{mix}H > 0

b3:T57d,

\Delta_\text{mix}V > 0

8a:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":["A–B weaker than A–A and B–B; vapour pressure higher; ",["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$b2"}}],", ",["$","span","code-1",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$b3"}}],". Example: ethanol + acetone."]}]]}] 8b:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Negative deviation: attractions and signs?"}]]}] b4:T57d,

\Delta_\text{mix}H < 0

b5:T57d,

\Delta_\text{mix}V < 0

8c:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":["A–B stronger; vapour pressure lower; ",["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$b4"}}],", ",["$","span","code-1",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$b5"}}],". Example: chloroform + acetone."]}]]}] 8d:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"What is an azeotrope?"}]]}] 8e:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"A mixture that boils at constant temperature with the same composition in liquid and vapour; it cannot be separated by fractional distillation."}]]}] 8f:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Which deviation gives a minimum-boiling azeotrope?"}]]}] 90:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Large positive deviation (e.g. ethanol + water, about 95% ethanol by volume)."}]]}] 91:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"What are colligative properties?"}]]}] 92:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Properties that depend only on the number of solute particles, not their nature: lowering of vapour pressure, ΔTb, ΔTf, osmotic pressure."}]]}] 93:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Relative lowering of vapour pressure equals…?"}]]}] b6:T115a,

\dfrac{p^\circ_1 - p_1}{p^\circ_1} = x_2

94:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":["The mole fraction of the solute: ",["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline SmxAaG_mathInlineScroll","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":0,"dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$b6"}}],"."]}]]}] 95:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Why does a solution boil at a higher temperature?"}]]}] 96:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Its vapour pressure is lower, so it must be heated more to reach atmospheric pressure."}]]}] 97:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Kb and Kf of water?"}]]}] b7:T53b,

K_\text{b} = 0.52

b8:T7d6,

K_\text{f} = 1.86\ \text{K kg mol}^{-1}

98:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":[["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$b7"}}]," and ",["$","span","code-1",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline SmxAaG_mathInlineScroll","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":0,"dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$b8"}}],"."]}]]}] 99:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Osmotic pressure equation?"}]]}] 9a:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":[["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"

\\pi = CRT

"}}],", with ",["$","span","code-1",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"

C

"}}]," in ",["$","span","code-2",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"

\\text{mol L}^{-1}

"}}]," and ",["$","span","code-3",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"

T

"}}]," in kelvin."]}]]}] 9b:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Why use osmotic pressure for proteins?"}]]}] 9c:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Measured at room temperature (no damage) and gives large, measurable values for very dilute solutions."}]]}] 9d:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"What is reverse osmosis?"}]]}] 9e:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Forcing solvent out of a solution through a semipermeable membrane with a pressure greater than its osmotic pressure; used to desalinate sea water."}]]}] 9f:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Hypertonic solution — effect on a red blood cell?"}]]}] a0:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"The cell loses water by osmosis and shrinks."}]]}] a1:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Define the van’t Hoff factor."}]]}] b9:Tc8d,

i = \dfrac{\text{observed colligative property}}{\text{calculated colligative property}} = \dfrac{\text{normal molar mass}}{\text{abnormal molar mass}}

a2:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":[["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline SmxAaG_mathInlineScroll","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":0,"dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$b9"}}],"."]}]]}] a3:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"i for dissociation and for dimerisation?"}]]}] ba:T5f9,

i = 1 + (n-1)\alpha

bb:T78e,

i = 1 - \dfrac{\alpha}{2}

a4:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":["Dissociation into ",["$","span","code-0",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"

n

"}}]," ions: ",["$","span","code-1",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":"$undefined","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$ba"}}],". Dimerisation: ",["$","span","code-2",{"className":"SmxAaG_mathInline SmxAaG_mathInlineScroll","data-math":"inline","tabIndex":0,"dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$bb"}}],"."]}]]}] a5:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Why is the molar mass of ethanoic acid in benzene found to be about 120?"}]]}] a6:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"It forms hydrogen-bonded dimers, halving the number of particles."}]]}] a7:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"Exam tip: ΔT in K or °C?"}]]}] a8:["$","div",null,{"className":"SmxAaG_md","lang":"$undefined","children":[["$","p","p-0",{"children":"A temperature difference has the same value in both; do not add 273 to ΔT."}]]}]

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