Covalent Bonding, VSEPR and Hybridisation

Chemistry · Chapter 8 · Physical Chemistry (Units 1-2 and 4-7: Basic Concepts, Atomic Structure, Bonding, Thermodynamics, Equilibrium, Redox)

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Covalent bond: conditions, single, double and triple bonds; sigma and pi bonds (H2, O2, N2); Lewis structures of CH4, NH3, H2O, ethane, ethene, ethyne and CO2
Bond parameters; polar and non-polar covalent bonds; dipole moment; characteristics of covalent compounds compared with ionic ones
Variable covalency (P, S, Cl); formal charge; deviations from the octet rule (incomplete and expanded octets)
Fajan's rules: polarisation and covalent character of ionic bonds
VSEPR theory and shapes of molecules
Hybridisation involving s, p and d orbitals and molecular shapes